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1 universal grammar
gramática universalAs pesquisas que não se concentram apenas no estudo de línguas separadas, mas tentam estabelecer as características universais da linguagem humana em geral, têm como meta uma gramática universal. -
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s LINGÜÍSTICA gramàtica universal -
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Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > universal grammar
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универсальная грамматика; набор грамматических принципов, считающихся фундаментальными для всех естественных языков.* * *универсальная грамматика; набор грамматических принципов, считающихся фундаментальными для всех естественных языков. -
5 universal grammar
1) Математика: универсальная грамматика2) Лингвистика: грамматика универсалий, грамматика универсальных категорий -
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The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > universal grammar
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8 universal grammar
n. ling.универзална граматика -
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அனைத்துலக இலக்கணம், உலகளாவிய இலக்கணம் -
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12 ♦ universal
♦ universal /ju:nɪˈvɜ:sl/A a.universale; generale: universal applause, plauso universale; universal suffrage, suffragio universale; a universal rule, una regola universale; The terror was universal, il terrore era generale; a universal practice, un'usanza generale; universal entertainment, divertimento per tuttiB n.(filos.) (l') universale● (comm., leg.) universal agent, agente universale; mandatario generale □ ( banca) universal bank, banca universale □ (med.) universal donor, donatore universale □ (leg.) universal heir, erede universale □ (mecc.) universal coupling (o universal joint), giunto universale; giunto cardanico □ (ling.) universal grammar, grammatica universale □ (chim.) universal indicator, indicatore universale □ (comm.) universal provider, negoziante di generi vari □ universal time, ora di Greenwich □ (mecc.) universal vice, morsa universale (o orientabile)universallyavv.universalmente. -
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universal [‚ju:nɪ'vɜ:səl](a) (concerning all people, things) universel;∎ topics of universal interest sujets mpl qui intéressent tout le monde(b) (widespread) unanime;∎ this proposal met with universal rejection la proposition a été unanimement rejetée;∎ to meet with universal agreement faire l'unanimité;∎ to meet with universal acclaim être applaudi par tout le monde2 noun∎ universals universaux mpl►► the Universal Declaration of Human Rights la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme;universal grammar grammaire f universelle;Chemistry universal indicator indicateur m universel de pH;Technology universal joint (joint m de) cardan m;American universal product code code m barres;Computing universal serial bus norme f USB, port m série universel -
14 grammar
вчт1) грамматика•- ATN grammar
- attribute grammar
- augmented transition grammar
- bounded-context grammar
- categorical grammar
- Chomsky grammar
- constituent grammar
- context-free grammar
- context-sensitive grammar
- correspondence grammar
- dependency grammar
- double-level grammar
- finite-state grammar
- formalized grammar
- functional grammar
- fuzzy grammar
- generative grammar
- immediate constituent grammar
- left-recursive grammar
- normative grammar
- parenthesis grammar
- phrase-structure grammar
- polynomial grammar
- precedence grammar
- regular grammar
- semantic grammar
- surface grammar
- transformational grammar
- tree grammar
- universal grammar
- van Wijngaarden grammar
- VW-grammar -
15 grammar
вчт.1) грамматика•- ATN grammar
- attribute grammar
- augmented transition network grammar
- bounded-context grammar
- categorical grammar
- Chomsky grammar
- constituent grammar
- context-free grammar
- context-sensitive grammar
- correspondence grammar
- dependency grammar
- double-level grammar
- finite-state grammar
- formalized grammar
- functional grammar
- fuzzy grammar
- generative grammar
- immediate constituent grammar
- left-recursive grammar
- normative grammar
- parenthesis grammar
- phrase-structure grammar
- polynomial grammar
- precedence grammar
- regular grammar
- semantic grammar
- surface grammar
- transformational grammar
- tree grammar
- universal grammar
- van Wijngaarden grammar
- VW-grammarThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > grammar
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16 grammar
1) лингв. грамматика2) основы, основные принципы, азы -
17 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
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18 grammar
/'græmə/ * danh từ - (ngôn ngữ học) ngữ pháp =general (philosophical, universal) grammar+ ngữ pháp phổ thông =historical grammar+ ngữ pháp lịch sử =comparative grammar+ ngữ pháp so sánh -
19 grammar, universal
универсальная грамматика; набор грамматических принципов, считающихся фундаментальными для всех естественных языков. -
20 UG
1) Спорт: Under Games2) Военный термин: Under Grade, Under Ground, Unit Generator3) Техника: Ultra Gore, under gage, военное обозначение высокочастотных разъёмов4) Сокращение: Upgraded, Urban Guerilla, U Grade (paper), Uganda, Uighur (ISO language code, aka: UIG), Ultimate-Guitar (Guitar tablatures website), Undergrowth, Underpass Gang (Unofficial New Orleans Saints Fan Club), Unemotional Growth, Unfilled Grain, Ungraded, Uniglide (Shimano Chain and Cogs), Unigraphics (Finite Element Analysis Software by Unigraphics Solutions), United-Guardian Inc (pharmaceutical manufacturer), Universal Grammar, Universal Gravitational constant, University of Georgia, University of Ghana, University of Guyana, Unreal Gold (game), Untergeschoss (German: basement), Upper Garage, Upper Gastrointestinal, Use Google, User's Guide5) Университет: University Of Gdansk, Upper Grade6) Вычислительная техника: user group7) Нефть: undergauge, ниже номинального наружного диаметра (under gage), потеря диаметра (о долоте; under gage)8) Бурение: ниже номинального диаметра (under gauge)9) Безопасность: Up Gateway10) SAP.тех. группа пользователей11) Фантастика The United Galaxy12) Имена и фамилии: Ulysses Grant13) ООН: Universal Government14) Должность: Underground Guard15) Единицы измерений: Microgram - 0.000001 Gram16) AMEX. United Guardian, Inc.
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См. также в других словарях:
Universal grammar — is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans (linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar … Wikipedia
Universal grammar — U ni*ver sal gram mar, n. 1. (Linguistics) the principles forming the basis for the human ability to understand language. [PJC] 2. (Linguistics) the general properties and constraints common to all human languages; also, the study of such… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
universal grammar — noun : general grammar * * * Ling. 1. a grammar that attempts to establish the properties and constraints common to all possible human languages. 2. an innate system of principles underlying the human language faculty. * * * universal grammar UK… … Useful english dictionary
universal grammar — Ling. 1. a grammar that attempts to establish the properties and constraints common to all possible human languages. 2. an innate system of principles underlying the human language faculty. * * * … Universalium
universal grammar — See generative grammar … Philosophy dictionary
universal grammar — u′niver′sal gram′mar n. 1) ling. a grammar that attempts to establish the properties and constraints common to all possible human languages 2) ling. the properties and constraints themselves • Etymology: 1930–35 … From formal English to slang
universal grammar — noun Date: circa 1750 the study of general principles believed to underlie the grammatical phenomena of all languages; also such principles viewed as part of an innate human capacity for learning a language … New Collegiate Dictionary
universal grammar — UK / US noun [uncountable] linguistics rules about language that apply to all languages … English dictionary
Applicative Universal Grammar — Applicative Universal Grammar, or AUG, is a universal semantic metalanguage intended for studying the semantic processes in particular languages [ Shaumyan S. A Semiotic Theory of Language . Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press … Wikipedia
Grammar — is the field of linguistics that covers the rules governing the use of any given natural language. It includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. Each language has its own distinct… … Wikipedia
grammar — grammarless, adj. /gram euhr/, n. 1. the study of the way the sentences of a language are constructed; morphology and syntax. 2. these features or constructions themselves: English grammar. 3. an account of these features; a set of rules… … Universalium
